Skip to Main Content

Literature Searching

Follow our step-by-step guide to help you carry out a good literature search

What are Primary and Secondary Sources?

PRIMARY & SECONDARY SOURCES

It depends on your field of study what primary & secondary sources actually means. Here's the difference:

 

Science (e.g. medicine, nursing, dentistry) 

primary sources
Original materials that have not been filtered through interpretation or evaluation by a second party.
  • Conference papers
  • dissertations
  • interviews
  • laboratory notebooks
  • patents
  • research articles
a study reported in a journal article, a survey reported in a journal article, and technical reports.

example:

Article in academic journal reporting research and methodology.

secondary sources
Sources that contain commentary on or a discussion about a primary source.
  • Review articles, magazine articles 
  • books
  • government policy

example: 

Articles analyzing and commenting on the results of original research; books doing the same

Humanities, Art & Design, Social Sciences

primary sources
An original document containing firsthand information about a topic.
  • Autobiographies
  • Diaries
  • Eyewitness Accounts
  • Interview Transcripts
  • Legal Documents
  • Letters
  • Original works of art
  • Photographs of the topic
  • Original Research
  • Video Footage of the topic event
  • Works of literature

example:

Anne Frank's diary

secondary sources
A secondary source contains commentary on or discussion about a primary source. The most important feature of secondary sources is that they offer an interpretation of information gathered from primary sources.
  • Biographies
  • Indexes, Abstracts, Bibliographies (used to locate a secondary source)
  • Journal Articles
  • Literary Criticism
  • Books written about the topic
  • Reviews of books, movies, musical recordings,. works of art, etc.

example:

a blog post reviewing a recent movie.